![]() ![]() Or, it can possess topological modes for certain system sizes but not others. ![]() For instance, a system can be insulating (gapped) at small sizes, but metallic (gapless) at larger sizes. The team discovered that in a non-equilibrium system, even changing system size can profoundly affect its state. student), to ask how the interplay between the NHSE and critical state can result in new physics. LI Linhu (who recently joined Sun Yat-sen University (Zhuhai), China) and Mr MU Sen (Ph.D. This inspired the research team, which includes Dr. Lately, it has become widely recognised that non-equilibrium systems can experience dramatic directed long-range amplification that changes the qualitative nature of the system, in a new phenomenon known as the non-Hermitian skin effect (NHSE). This discovery extends the scope of known critical phase transitions to non-equilibrium systems which, unlike conventional equilibrium systems governed by unitary time evolution, are open systems that experience gain or loss due to their external interactions. As a theoretical concept, criticality has also inspired advances in deep topics like conformal field theory, percolation and fractals.Ī research team led by Prof GONG Jiangbin and Prof LEE Ching Hua, both from the Department of Physics, NUS has discovered a new form of critical behavior known as the "Critical Skin Effect" (see Figure). Due to its universal and intuitive appeal, the concept of criticality has also permeated other fields like the modeling of financial market crashes. A paradigmatic example is the ferromagnetic transition, where correlated spin clusters grow larger and larger as temperature is lowered, until they coalesce into a single ordered phase with all spins pointing in the same direction. Of particular interest are second-order phase transitions, where the system at the transition point reaches a so-called critical state characterized by long-range order and extreme susceptibility to disturbances. Phase transitions are ubiquitous in the world around us, encompassing common processes such as freezing and evaporation. ![]()
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